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Country facts

When to visit

November–March: pleasant 20-28°C. Avoid June–September — 45°C+ daytime makes outdoor travel dangerous.

Typical costs (USD)

Gulf states pricey (Dubai-tier). North Africa significantly cheaper.

Essential phrases

Numbers

What to pack

• Long lightweight breathable clothing (sun protection)
• Wide-brim hat + sunglasses + SPF 50+
• Modest dress code — covered shoulders + knees minimum
• Reusable water bottle (large)
• Comfortable closed shoes (sand + heat)
• Light layers for air-conditioned interiors
• Lip balm + moisturizer (very dry air)

Cultural notes

• Friday is the holy day — businesses close for noon prayer + some Saturday
• Public displays of affection are illegal; same-sex relations especially
• Dress modestly — covered shoulders/knees for men, abaya recommended for women
• Alcohol is illegal — don't bring or attempt to buy any
• Right hand only for eating, greeting, giving / receiving

Universal courtesies

• Try a greeting in the local language even if it's the only word you know — it's appreciated everywhere.
• Match local dress norms when entering religious sites, government buildings, or rural areas.
• Ask before photographing people, especially children or in religious settings.
• Tipping customs vary — never assume your home country's expectation applies.
• Remove shoes when entering homes if your host does; watch their cue.
• Keep voices lower than at home in temples, mosques, museums, public transport.
• Hands and gestures mean different things across cultures — observe before reaching out.
• Cash + cards: rural areas often need cash; major cities take cards. Carry small notes.
• Don't compare countries to each other in front of locals — every culture stands on its own.
• If you don't know the etiquette, watching for 30 seconds usually teaches it.